For Enrico Berlinguer Alessandro Natta succeeded as general secretary, a member of the center Berlinguer, and administrative and regional elections of 12 May 1985, after the previous year, were interpreted as a decisive showdown, as where, as the previous year, had repeated the "overtaking" the Communist Party would ask for if the Presidency of the Council [1]. But the usual "fear of communism" which appealed to the Christian Democrats formed an unbeatable weapon for the "White Whale", which became a resounding success, reaching 35% of the vote. Juntas of penta were formed almost everywhere and the Christian Democrats managed to rip the opponent also the Piedmont Region and the Municipality of Rome, the last bastions of the powerful advance of 1975. At PCI, stuck at 30.2%, we have to acknowledge the end of the "red decade" in local government and the beginning of a crisis, which is confirmed by the defeat on the referendum on the sliding scale, at this point irreversible.
In April of 1986 was held in advance because of the defeat of the previous year, the XVII National Congress of the Communist Party. In response to the crisis in the leadership of the party tried, thanks to the decisive thrust of the "best" Napolitano, a repositioning of the International Communist Party proposing to complete separation from the Communist movement [2] to be, in effect, part of the left European Socialist, Social Democratic and Labour. This line is strongly opposed by a small group organized Cossutta that, in the minority in the party, had given birth to a real current organizations [3]. Alessandro Natta, by giving precedence to a sort of political continuity with Berlinguer, would not arrive at the turn, which came a few years later, Achille Occhetto.
The negative trend continued into the PCI in the subsequent parliamentary elections of 1987 [4] where the party lost a new 3.3% of votes compared with previous elections, which made him return to the results of previous years to the big advance. Instead the Christian Democrats, with 1, 4% more votes than in 1983, was entitled to the crisis and urges for the return of the PSI as President of the Council. Yet another failure in 1988 forced the resignation of the administrative Alessandro Natta. Il politico ligure aveva perso la fiducia della maggioranza del gruppo dirigente del Pci, ormai saldamente nelle mani di Achille Occhetto, che gli successe come segretario generale. Alle spalle di Occhetto c’erano un gruppo di giovani dirigenti, i cosiddetti “quarantenni” e il più importante di questi era senz’altro D’Alema. Massimo D’Alema, che ricoprirà nel Pci l’incarico di coordinatore della segreteria, era già stato Segretario nazionale della Fgci ai tempi di quell’Enrico Berlinguer che, primo fra tutti, nel 1949, aveva svolto lo stesso incarico.
Nel XVIII Congresso del Pci, del marzo 1989, Occhetto provò ad aprire una nuova fase per il Pci sancendo the end of "consociativismo, the recognition of the universal value of democracy and making numerous openings against the capitalist system and the" market "efficiency measures and driving force of the economic system [5]. The new course Occhetto seemed to give immediate access to the fruits as the European elections of June 1989 [6] marked a turnaround in the results of the PCI in recent years.
But the "real socialism" was disintegrating and the event that best represented the collective imagination, that collapse was the "fall of the Berlin Wall the night between 9 and 10 November 1989. The consequences in Italy were immediate, November 12, 1989 Achille Occhetto, speaking before an audience of ex-partisans in the historic section of Bolognina, predicted "big changes". Party leader suggested, only by taking the decision to go to a real "turning point" a prelude to the overcoming of the PCI and the birth of a new party [7]. The Party is a heated debate and dissent, for the first time, was significant and involved large areas of the base. National leaders of major importance which Ingrao, Natta and Tortorella, as well as Cossutta, opposed so convinced at the turn.
To decide on the proposal was announced Occhetto an Extraordinary Congress of the Party, the nineteenth, which was held in Bologna in March 1990. There were three motions that countered:
- the first motion, entitled "Giving life to the stage of forming a new political force" was to Occhetto, which proposed the construction of a new political democratic reform and open to members and lay Catholic, which exceeded the democratic centralism. 67% of the votes obtained by the motion of Occhetto allowed the re-election to the office of Secretary-General and the confirmation of his policies.
- the second motion, entitled "For a true renewal of the PCI and the Left" was signed by Ingrao and, among others, Angi, Castellina, and Tortorella declarant. The Communist Party, according to the supporters of this motion, it was renewed, in politics and organization, but without losing oneself. This motion was defeated by obtaining 30% of the vote.
- the third motion, entitled "To a socialist democracy in Europe" was submitted by a Cossutta. Built on a deeply orthodox plant got only 3% of the vote.
The turning point was passed in the months after Occhetto braced his proposal in October, choosing the name and symbol of the new party: it would be called the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) and its symbol was an oak tree at the base was present the symbol of the Communist Party. The Communist Party suffered, in his last months, a collapse of both inscriptions election getting to the regional elections of 6 May 1990, only 23.4% compared with 33.4% of the DC.
The XX Congress, held in Rimini in February 1991 was the last of the Communist Party and the first of the PDS. The motions that are countered in this Congress were always three, the first, who got 72% of Occhetto, D'Alema and many other leaders, in favor of the new party, a motion-term, led by Bassolino, and a third to the contrary, dall'accorpamento born of motions submitted to Cossutta Ingrao and the previous Congress. On February 3, 1991, after seventy years of history, ended the history of the Italian Communist Party and the PDS was born. Some managers che avevano osteggiato la svolta, e tra questi Armando Cossutta, Sergio Garavini, Lucio Libertini, Ersilia Salvato, Rino Serri e Nichi Vendola, non aderirono al nuovo Partito e diedero vita a Rifondazione Comunista.
[1] Cfr. Colarizi op. cit.
[2] Non era però minoritaria la posizione di chi riteneva reali le possibilità, con l’avvento di Gorbaciov a capo del Pcus, di riforma del Comunismo mondiale.
[3] Cfr. Cossutta op. cit.
[4] Risultati dei maggiori partiti alle elezioni per la Camera dei Deputati del 14 giugno 1987:
Pci 26,6% - Dc 34,3% - Psi 14,3%.
Il Pci ottenne 177 seggi alla Camera e 101 al Senato.
[5] Cfr. Agosti op. cit.
[6] Risultati of the major parties in the European elections June 18, 1989: PCI
27.6% - 32.9% Dc.
The Communist Party won 22 seats in the European Parliament.
[7] See Zavoli "Once upon a time the First Republic", Mondadori.
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